Research progress for posttraumatic epilepsy

doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-123X.2019.02.014

Abstract

Abstract:

Posttraumatic seizures and posttraumatic epilepsy are common consequences of traumatic brain injury. According to the time of seizure, it can be divided into posttraumatic seizures after TBI (≤7 d) and posttraumatic epilepsy after TBI (>7 d). Seizure and epilepsy not only lead to the increase of early complications and mortality, but also are the main cause of death years after TBI. Many studies on the mechanism of posttraumatic epilepsy have yielded results, but there are still many problems waiting to be solved. Prevention is mainly used for posttraumatic seizures, but has little effect on posttraumatic epilepsy. For drug-refractory posttraumatic epilepsy, epileptic foci resection or neuromodulation surgery could be considered as treatment options.

Key words: Traumatic brain injury, Epilepsy, Pathogenesis

Feng Wang, Yuanxiang Lin. Research progress for posttraumatic epilepsy[J]. Chinese Journal of Brain Diseases and Rehabilitation(Electronic Edition), 2019, 09(02): 121-125.

/ / Recommend

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://zhnkjbykfzz.cma-cmc.com.cn/EN/10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-123X.2019.02.014

https://zhnkjbykfzz.cma-cmc.com.cn/EN/Y2019/V09/I02/121

References 49

[1]	Zimmermann LL, Martin RM, Girgis F, et al. Treatment options for posttraumatic epilepsy[J]. Curr Opin Neurol, 2017, 30(6): 580-586.
[2]	Huang YH, Liao CC, Chen WF, et al. Characterization of acute post-craniectomy seizures in traumatically brain-injured patients[J]. Seizure, 2015, 25: 150-154.
[3]	Salinsky M, Storzbach D, Goy E, et al. Traumatic brain injury and psychogenic seizures in veterans[J]. J Head Trauma Rehabil, 2015, 30(1): E65-E70.
[4]	Campbell JN, Gandhi A, Singh B, et al. Traumatic brain injury causes a tacrolimus-sensitive increase in non-convulsive seizures in a rat model of post-traumatic epilepsy[J]. Int J Neurol Brain Disord, 2014, 1(1): 1-11.
[5]	Schmitt S, Dichter MA. Electrophysiologic recordings in traumatic brain injury[J]. Handb Clin Neurol, 2015, 127: 319-339.
[6]	Rao VR, Parko KL. Clinical approach to posttraumatic epilepsy[J]. Semin Neurol, 2015, 35(1): 57-63.
[7]	Gabriel WM, Rowe AS. Long-term comparison of GOS-E scores in patients treated with phenytoin or levetiracetam for posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis after traumatic brain injury[J]. Ann Pharmacother, 2014, 48(11): 1440-1444.
[8]	Gupta PK, Sayed N, Ding K, et al. Subtypes of post-traumatic epilepsy: clinical, electrophysiological, and imaging features[J]. J Neurotrauma, 2014, 31(16): 1439-1443.
[9]	Steinmetz S, Tipold A, Löscher W. Epilepsy after head injury in dogs: a natural model of posttraumatic epilepsy[J]. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(4): 580-588.
[10]	Qian C, Löppönen P, Tetri S, et al. Immediate, early and late seizures after primary intracerebral hemorrhage[J]. Epilepsy Res, 2014, 108(4): 732-739.
[11]	Lowenstein DH. Epilepsy after head injury: an overview[J]. Epilepsia, 2009, 50 Suppl 2: 4-9.
[12]	Wang H, Xin T, Sun X, et al. Post-traumatic seizures-a prospective, multicenter, large case study after head injury in China[J]. Epilepsy Res, 2013, 107(3): 272-278.
[13]	Temkin NR. Risk factors for posttraumatic seizures in adults[J]. Epilepsia, 2010, 44(s10): 18-20.
[14]	Christensen J, Pedersen MG, Pedersen CB. Long-term risk of epilepsy after traumatic brain injury in children and young adults: a population-based cohort study[J]. Lancet, 2009, 373(9669): 1105-1110.
[15]	Guerriero RM, Giza CC, Rotenberg A, et al. Glutamate and GABA imbalance following traumatic brain injury[J]. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 2015, 15(5): 27.
[16]	Hameed MQ, Goodrich GS, Dhamne SC, et al. A rapid lateral fluid percussion injury rodent model of traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic epilepsy[J]. Neuroreport, 2014, 25(7): 532-536.
[17]	Huusko N, Römer C, Ndode-Ekane XE, et al. Loss of hippocampal interneurons and epileptogenesis: a comparison of two animal models of acquired epilepsy[J]. Brain Struct Funct, 2015, 220(1): 153-191.
[18]	Naviaux RK. Metabolic features of the cell danger response[J]. Mitochondrion, 2014, 16: 7-17.
[19]	Bockaert J, Marin P. mTOR in brain physiology and pathologies[J]. Physiol Rev, 2015, 95(4): 1157-1187.
[20]	Li Y, Korgaonkar AA, Swietek B, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 enhancement of non-NMDA synaptic currents increases dentate excitability after brain injury[J]. Neurobiol Dis, 2015, 74: 240-253.
[21]	Liang Y, Lei Z, Zhang H, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 is associated with seizures following ischemia with hyperglycemia[J]. Brain Res, 2014, 1590: 75-84.
[22]	Atmaca HT, Kul O, Karakus E, et al. Astrocytes, microglia/macrophages, and neurons expressing toll-like receptor 11 contribute to innate immunity against encephalitic toxoplasma gondii infection[J]. Neuroscience, 2014, 269: 184-191.
[23]	Karve IP, Taylor JM, Crack PJ. The contribution of astrocytes and microglia to traumatic brain injury[J]. Br J Pharmacol, 2016, 173(4): 692-702.
[24]	Diamond ML, Ritter AC, Failla MD, et al. IL-1β associations with posttraumatic epilepsy development: a genetics and biomarker cohort study[J]. Epilepsia, 2015, 56(7): 991-1001.
[25]	Morris M, Maeda S, Vossel K, et al. The many faces of tau[J]. Neuron, 2011, 70(3): 410-426.
[26]	Nicastro N, Assal F, Seeck M. From here to epilepsy: the risk of seizure in patients with alzheimer’s disease[J]. Epileptic Disord, 2016, 18(1): 1-12.
[27]	Saletti PG, Ali I, Casillas-Espinosa PM, et al. In search of antiepileptogenic treatments for post-traumatic epilepsy[J]. Neurobiol Dis, 2019, 123: 86-99.
[28]	Henshall DC, Hamer HM, Pasterkamp RJ, et al. MicroRNAs in epilepsy: pathophysiology and clinical utility[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2016, 15(13): 1368-1376.
[29]	Pitkänen A, Immonen RJ, Gröhn OH, et al. From traumatic brain injury to posttraumatic epilepsy: what animal models tell us about the process and treatment options[J]. Epilepsia, 2009, 50(s2): 21-29.
[30]	Cotter D, Kelso A, Neligan A. Genetic biomarkers of posttraumatic epilepsy: a systematic review[J]. Seizure, 2017, 46: 53-58.
[31]	Lucke-Wold BP, Nguyen L, Turner RC, et al. Traumatic brain injury and epilepsy: underlying mechanisms leading to seizure[J]. Seizure, 2015, 33: 13-23.
[32]	Carney N, Totten AM, O’Reilly C, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition[J]. Neurosurgery, 2017, 80(1): 6-15.
[33]	Kirmani BF, Mungall RD, Ekokobe F, et al. Role of anticonvulsants in the management of posttraumatic epilepsy[J]. Front Neurol, 2016, 7: 32.
[34]	Khan NR, Vanlandingham MA, Fierst TM, et al. Should levetiracetam or phenytoin be used for posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis? A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis[J]. Neurosurgery, 2016, 79(6): 775-782.
[35]	Inaba K, Menaker J, Branco BC, et al. A prospective multicenter comparison of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis[J]. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2013, 74(3): 766-771.
[36]	Bhullar IS, Johnson D, Paul JP, et al. More harm than good: antiseizure prophylaxis after traumatic brain injury does not decrease seizure rates but may inhibit functional recovery[J]. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2014, 76(1): 54-60.
[37]	Formisano R, Barba C, Buzzi MG, et al. The impact of prophylactic treatment on post-traumatic epilepsy after severe traumatic brain injury[J]. Brain Inj, 2007, 21(5): 499-504.
[38]	Watson NF, Barber JK, Doherty MJ, et al. Does glucocorticoid administration prevent late seizures after head injury?[J]. Epilepsia, 2004, 45(6): 690-694.
[39]	Hunt RF, Boychuk JA, Smith BN. Neural circuit mechanisms of post-traumatic epilepsy[J]. Front Cell Neurosci, 2013, 7: 89.
[40]	Christensen J. Traumatic brain injury: risks of epilepsy and implications for medicolegal assessment[J]. Epilepsia, 2012, 53 Suppl: 43-47.
[41]	Perucca P, Gilliam FG. Adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2012, 11(9): 792-802.
[42]	Irimia A, Van Horn JD. Epileptogenic focus localization in treatment-resistant post-traumatic epilepsy[J]. J Clin Neurosci, 2015, 22(4): 627-631.
[43]	Tebo CC, Evins AI, Christos PJ, et al. Evolution of cranial epilepsy surgery complication rates: a 32-year systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Neurosurg, 2014, 120(6): 1415-1427.
[44]	Baumgartner JE, Blount JP, Blauwblomme T, et al. Technical descriptions of four hemispherectomy approaches: from the pediatric epilepsy surgery meeting at gothenburg 2014[J]. Epilepsia, 2017, 58 Suppl 1: 46-55.
[45]	Patil AA, Chamczuk AJ, Andrews RV. Hippocampal transections for epilepsy[J]. Neurosurg Clin N Am, 2016, 27(1): 19-25.
[46]	Girgis F, Miller JP. White matter stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy[J]. Seizure, 2016, 37: 28-31.
[47]	Salanova V, Witt T, Worth R, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of thalamic stimulation for drug-resistant partial epilepsy[J]. Neurology, 2015, 84(10): 1017-1025.
[48]	Englot DJ, Chang EF, Auguste KI. Vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: a meta-analysis of efficacy and predictors of response[J]. J Neurosurg, 2011, 115(6): 1248-1255.
[49]	Larkin M, Meyer RM, Szuflita NS, et al. Post-traumatic, drug-resistant epilepsy and review of seizure control outcomes from blinded, randomized controlled trials of brain stimulation treatments for drug-resistant epilepsy[J]. Cureus, 2016, 8(8): e744.

Please choose a citation manager

Content to export