Neuromodulation technology has gradually evolved from an auxiliary tool in traditional rehabilitation medicine into a core extension of neurosurgical therapeutic strategies and an active driver of functional remodeling. Multimodal integration, closed-loop modulation, and individualized precision are expected to become the major trends in this field, thereby potentially enhancing active participation in rehabilitation and promoting neuroplasticity-related functional reorganization. As the principal discipline for implementing invasive neuromodulation techniques, such as deep brain stimulation, spinal cord stimulation, and vagus nerve stimulation, neurosurgery has expanded their indications from traditional disorders including Parkinson disease, epilepsy, and pain to the rehabilitation of functional impairments after stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and other neurological diseases. In particular, the integration of brain-computer interface technology with neuromodulation devices, rehabilitation robots, and functional electrical stimulation has enabled the establishment of a "central-peripheral-central" closed-loop training system, realizing the direct translation from intention to movement with real-time feedback and may enhance active participation in rehabilitation and promote neuroplasticity-related mechanisms. With the deep integration of neuromodulation technology and emerging advances such as artificial intelligence and flexible electrodes, neurosurgery will play an increasingly important role in individualized and intelligent rehabilitation, promoting neurorehabilitation toward a new stage of precision and integration. This article systematically reviews the conceptual evolution, technical pathways, research advances, and practical challenges of neuromodulation-rehabilitation integration, aiming to provide references for promoting the deep integration of neurosurgery and rehabilitation medicine and for optimizing functional reconstruction strategies for neurological disorders.

To explore the correlation between migraine and epilepsy using a two sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study method.

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) information of two samples was obtained from publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) databases, and suitable SNPs were selected as instrumental variables. Five methods for MR analysis were employed, including inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median estimator (WME), MR-Egger regression, weighted mode, and simple median. Additionally, Cochran's Q test, MR-Egger regression method, funnel plot, and leave-one-out method were used for sensitivity analysis to evaluate the robustness of the results.

This study identified 13 SNPs that satisfied the MR hypothesis. Using the IVW method, it was found that migraine patients have an increased risk of developing epilepsy (OR=1.216, 95%CI: 1.046-1.414, P=0.011), indicating a positive correlation between migraine and epilepsy. Multiple sensitivity analyses showed no heterogeneity (P=0.120) or horizontal pleiotropy (P=0.472) in the study, indicating the robustness of the results.

Comorbid migraine increases the risk of epilepsy, and early prevention and intervention should be implemented to reduce the incidence of epilepsy.

To analyze the registration status and development trend of clinical trials for vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) based on data from the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), China Clinical Trials Registry (ChiCTR) and National Institutes of Health Clinical Trial Registry Platform (ClinicalTrials.gov) registry platform.

The clinical trial information of VCI on ICTRP, ChiCTR, and ClinicalTrials.gov platforms since the creation of the databases until December 31, 2024. After the literature was independently screened and data extracted by 2 investigators, descriptive analyses were conducted in terms of enrollment profiles, study design, interventions, and observational indicators of the included trials.

After screening, 229 VCI-related clinical trials were finally included, and the overall enrolment showed a fluctuating growth trend. ClinicalTrials.gov (106 trials) and ChiCTR (87 trials) were the main enrolment platforms. China (140 trials) dominated the applications for VCI-related clinical trials, with Beijing (46 trials), Shanghai (16 trials), Guangdong (12 trials), Hubei (9 trials) and Taiwan (8 trials) as the main hotspot provinces and cities for VCI research in China. Research in this field is dominated by interventional studies (175 trials). Randomised and blinded methods were more commonly used. The design mode was mainly randomised parallel control (143 trials). The sample size varied widely among studies, and most of them did not specify the clinical trial stage (109 trials). Interventions were predominantly pharmacological therapies versus placebo, with a relatively small proportion of non-pharmacological therapy studies. The main observational indicators were cognitive performance scales and quality of daily life scales.

At present, research on VCI is on the rise, and there is much room for research on VCI not dementia, vascular mild cognitive impairment disease types and non-pharmacological therapies. China should continue to strengthen international and domestic inter-regional cooperation to produce more high-quality evidence-based evidence for VCI.

To analyse the key factors influencing the recovery of lower limb motor function in stroke patients and construct a nomogram prediction model.

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 289 patients with limb motor dysfunction after stroke, who received rehabilitation treatment in the Department of Neurorehabilitation and Geriatric Rehabilitation of China Rehabilitation Research Center from August 2018 to August 2023. All patients were divided into the improved group (pre-post score difference>0) and the non-improved group (pre-post score difference≤0) according to the changes in the National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) scores. Univariate analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were adopted to explore the influencing factors for the recovery of limb motor function in stroke patients. Based on the results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis, a nomogram prediction model was constructed. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was used to evaluate the model fitness. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve and decision curve analysis (DCA) were plotted to assess the predictive performance of the model.

Of the 289 patients, 242 were enrolled in the improved group and 47 in the non-improved group. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in age, disease course, rehabilitation frequency, as well as the proportions of smoking history, hypertension history and hyperhomocysteinemia (P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis indicated that age (OR=8.348), disease course (OR=9.161), smoking (OR=7.192), hypertension (OR=8.314), hyperhomocysteinemia (OR=8.508), and rehabilitation frequency (OR=0.142) were independent influencing factors for the recovery of limb motor function in stroke patients (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis demonstrated that the nomogram model constructed based on the above six risk factors exhibited good predictive efficiency [AUC=0.863 (95%CI: 0.821-0.905)]. The calibration curve suggested favorable calibration of the prediction model. DCA results showed that the model yielded a high positive net clinical benefit within the threshold probability range of 10%-50%.

Age, disease course, smoking, hypertension, hyperhomocysinaemia and the rehabilitation frequency were independent influencing factors for the rehabilitation efficacy of motor dysfunction in stroke patients. The predictive model established on this basis presents good predictive performance and favorable clinical application value.

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the Neuroform Atlas stent in the endovascular treatment of wide-neck intracranial aneurysms (WNIAs).

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 27 patients with WNIAs who underwent Neuroform Atlas stent-assisted intervention in the Neurosurgery Department of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from October 2022 to October 2024. Postoperative DSA was performed immediately, and the Raymond-Roy classification was used to assess aneurysm occlusion status. Perioperative complications were recorded. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the modified Rankin scale (mRS). Imaging follow-up was performed at 12 months after surgery to assess the aneurysm occlusion status and the incidence of complications.

All 27 patients successfully underwent stent implantation, with a technical success rate of 100%. Immediate postoperative DSA showed complete occlusion (Raymond-Roy grade Ⅰ) in 25 cases (92.59%) and residual neck (grade Ⅱ) in 2 cases (7.41%). Perioperative complications occurred in 2 patients (7.41%): 1 case (3.70%) of intraoperative aneurysm rerupture and 1 case (3.70%) of postoperative intracranial hemorrhage. Upon discharge, 24 patients (88.89%) showed good neurological function recovery (mRS score 0-2), while 3 patients (11.11%) presented moderate neurological dysfunction (mRS score 3-5). At 3 months after discharge, mRS scores were 0 in 24 patients (88.89%), 1 in 1 patient (3.70%), and 2 in 2 patients (7.41%). At 12 months postoperatively, all patients completed imaging follow-up, showing Raymond-Roy grade Ⅰ in 24 cases (88.89%) and grade Ⅱ in 3 cases (11.11%), with no stent-related complications observed.

Neuroform Atlas stent-assisted embolization for WNIAs demonstrates a high procedural success rate and favorable safety profile.

Currently, post-stroke functional rehabilitation is characterized by slow recovery, poor prognosis, and high cost. The overall-facilitation-technology (OFT) based on the theory of neural plasticity can address the efficacy issues in stroke rehabilitation. Through holistic clinical reasoning analysis and specific manual stimulation, OFT stimulates the reconstruction of neural pathways and functional reorganization, providing evidence and technical means for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis judgment of post-stroke dysfunction. This paper focuses on the framework of the OFT system, aiming to systematically sort out its core components, hierarchical logic and rehabilitation mechanisms of functional recovery, as well as its rehabilitation content and synergistic relationship of OFT in the chain. It also deeply analyzes the advantageous characteristics, existing bottlenecks and optimization paths of this technical system in practical application. Through a comprehensive deconstruction and in-depth discussion of the OFT system, this study not only provides a new therapeutic approach for stroke functional rehabilitation, but also offers a clear theoretical framework and research direction for further study of OFT, with theoretical support and practical reference for subsequent relevant research and practice.

In recent years, the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune diseases of the nervous system have gradually attracted clinical attention. Dysphagia is the main or sole clinical manifestation of some autoimmune diseases of the nervous system. The etiology of dysphagia is complex. The common causes are cerebrovascular diseases, oral cavity, esophagus and other space occupying lesions. When autoimmune diseases of the nervous system cause damage to the structural and functional components related to swallowing, the clinical manifestation of dysphagia will occur. This article reviews the research progress of autoimmune diseases of nervous system that may cause dysphagia, aiming to provide references for early diagnosis, clinical assessment, auxiliary examinations and treatment strategies, and to provide a basis for expanding the etiological understanding and diagnostic analysis approaches of dysphagia.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has the advantages of safety, non-invasive, low cost, simple portability and high time resolution. It has been widely used in the research and clinical treatment of brain injury, epilepsy, depression and Parkinson disease. As an effective monitoring method, it can well link the recovery of various functional disorders after stroke with the impact of brain functional regions, and provide more accurate evaluation and guidance for clinical rehabilitation. This article reviews the technical features of fNIRS, along with its applications and progress in treating conditions like post-stroke cognitive impairment, dysphagia, aphasia, and depression, aiming to provide a reference for the treatment and rehabilitation of stroke patients.

Microsurgery for space-occupying lesions in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) region serves as a core challenge in Neurosurgery that balances lesion resection and neurological function preservation. Lesions such as acoustic neuromas, cholesteatomas, meningiomas, and schwannomas, due to their close proximity to the cochlear nerve, facial nerve, and brainstem, pose significant challenges to the protection of auditory function during surgery. While aiming for total tumor resection, the maximum preservation of facial nerve and cochlear nerve functions, especially hearing function, has become a core goal of modern neurosurgery. Brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) and electrocochleogram (ECochG) are two key techniques for intraoperative monitoring of the auditory pathway, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. In recent years, the combined monitoring protocol of BAEP and ECochG, with complementary advantages, provides surgeons with more comprehensive, real-time and precise information on auditory pathway function, enables early warning and precise localization of injury, and significantly improves the postoperative rate of useful hearing preservation. It has become an indispensable auxiliary tool for refined and functional surgery in the CPA region. This article systematically reviews the technical principles and implementation schemes of combined BAEP and ECochG monitoring, with emphasis on analyzing its application value and characteristics in the resection of space-occupying lesions of different pathological types in the CPA region, aiming to provide references for improving the quality of life of patients.