Neuromodulation technology has gradually evolved from an auxiliary tool in traditional rehabilitation medicine into a core extension of neurosurgical therapeutic strategies and an active driver of functional remodeling. Multimodal integration, closed-loop modulation, and individualized precision are expected to become the major trends in this field, thereby potentially enhancing active participation in rehabilitation and promoting neuroplasticity-related functional reorganization. As the principal discipline for implementing invasive neuromodulation techniques, such as deep brain stimulation, spinal cord stimulation, and vagus nerve stimulation, neurosurgery has expanded their indications from traditional disorders including Parkinson disease, epilepsy, and pain to the rehabilitation of functional impairments after stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and other neurological diseases. In particular, the integration of brain-computer interface technology with neuromodulation devices, rehabilitation robots, and functional electrical stimulation has enabled the establishment of a "central-peripheral-central" closed-loop training system, realizing the direct translation from intention to movement with real-time feedback and may enhance active participation in rehabilitation and promote neuroplasticity-related mechanisms. With the deep integration of neuromodulation technology and emerging advances such as artificial intelligence and flexible electrodes, neurosurgery will play an increasingly important role in individualized and intelligent rehabilitation, promoting neurorehabilitation toward a new stage of precision and integration. This article systematically reviews the conceptual evolution, technical pathways, research advances, and practical challenges of neuromodulation-rehabilitation integration, aiming to provide references for promoting the deep integration of neurosurgery and rehabilitation medicine and for optimizing functional reconstruction strategies for neurological disorders.