The prognosis of medulloblastoma (MDB) is closely related to the stage and risk grade of the tumor. According to examination of imaging and cerebrospinal fluid cytology, the stage of MDB can be clarified, and individualized treatment strategies can be formulated according to the risk classification, and the prognosis can be predicted. This review summarizes the staging, classification and research progress of MDB as follows.

The purpose of cranioplasty is to rebuild the integrity of the skull; restore the patient’s craniofacial appearance; and restore cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and cerebral blood flow. There is still a lack of unified standards for the timing and repair materials of cranial defect angioplasty due to the particularity of the growth and development of children’s skulls. This artical mainly reviews the research progress of the process and characteristics of children’s skull development, the impact of skull defects on children, the age and timing of repair operations, the selection of repair materials, fixation methods, and postoperative complications.

With the exponential growth of computing power, the arrival of the era of big data and the rise of new disciplines such as "medical-engineering combination" , artificial intelligence (AI) has opened a new era in the field of medicine. AI can be applied to disease diagnosis, data analysis, clinical decision-making and many other aspects. Accurate diagnosis and pathological grading of glioma has always been a difficult point in clinic. In this paper, the application, prospect and challenge of AI in glioma imaging diagnosis and pathological grading are reviewed.

Brain dysfunction after cardiopulmonary resuscitation is the main factor affecting the mortality and morbidity of patients. However, the treatment of global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury after cardiopulmonary resuscitation is still very limited. How to effectively protect the brain after global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury caused by cardiac arrest is a big problem to be solved urgently. This review is based on the concept, epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms and therapies of global cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in order to introduce its research progress.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation technology, as a non-invasive neuromodulation technology, has been widely used clinically in recent years. Alcohol use disorder is the most common type of substance use disorder in clinic, and there are many challenges in treatment at this stage. Transcranial magnetic stimulation provides a new treatment strategy for alcohol use disorder. This article reviews the theoretical basis, research status and future development direction of transcranial magnetic stimulation in alcohol use disorder.

周围神经外科是近几年兴起的全新神经外科亚专科，其病种繁多，基于广义的周围神经概念的周围神经外科亚专科诊疗病种范畴更是大为丰富。神经外科周围神经外科亚专科诊疗范畴包括采用外科手术方法治疗的周围神经本身的疾患以及通过在周围神经上手术来治疗的非周围神经疾患，后者与功能神经外科亚专科有着深刻的交叉与融合。重视周围神经外科诊疗疾病谱对相关亚专科工作的开展至关重要。本文就周围神经外科亚专科的诊疗范畴作一述评。

Tuberculum sellae meningiomas (TSMs) are usually treated by transcranial and endoscopic transsphenoidal approaches. There is no uniform standard for the choice of surgical approach, which approach to choose depends not only on the tumor itself, but also on the the surgeon’s familiarity and mastery of the surgical approach. This article summarizes and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each approach for TSMs clinically commonly used surgical approaches, in order to grasp the essence of the approach and play a beneficial role in the choice of surgical approach.

Stroke patients are often accompanied by multiple dysfunctions, which bring great burden to individuals, families and society. Respiratory dysfunction is more common in stroke patients. Respiratory muscle training is currently one of the effective rehabilitation methods to relieve patients’ respiratory symptoms and improve respiratory function. This article reviews the application of respiratory muscle training in stroke patients with pulmonary rehabilitation, focusing on the possible causes of respiratory dysfunction, the role and implementation of respiratory muscle training in stroke patients, with a view to providing new ideas and references for stroke patients with pulmonary rehabilitation.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and a major disease seriously endangering the health of the elderly. Clinical trials are the important parts of AD drug researches and development. In recent years, the update of international AD diagnostic criteria and the application of biomarkers provide new help to improve the scientificity and rationality of AD clinical trials. Based on the review of previous AD clinical trials and guidelines, and the advances of drug and intervention research designs for AD, the experts group wrote the guideline on AD drug clinical trials, which aims to further standardize AD drug clinical trials, promote the development of drug research, and provide support for the effectiveness and safety of clinical drugs in China.

Chiari畸形是神经系统最常见的先天畸形之一，临床上以成人ChiariⅠ型多见，约50%~75%的患者合并脊髓空洞，患者一旦出现神经系统症状常会进行性恶化。枕下减压术是当今Chiari畸形的治疗共识，鉴于Chiari畸形的亚型和临床表现复杂多变，而且对该病的病理机制尚不完全清楚，加之目前缺乏相关的专家共识或指南，致使临床对Chiari畸形的诊断和治疗相当混乱，手术方式极不统一，临床效果千差万别，漏诊、误诊时有发生。为规范临床对Chiari畸形的手术治疗，本文重点对Chiari畸形的术前多维度评估和个体化的手术策略进行总结，以期提高Chiari畸形的临床疗效。

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a common severe painful disease, which seriously harms people's health. Percutaneous balloon compression (PBC) is one of the main treatment methods of TN, which provides a new direction for improving the scientific and rational treatment of TN. Based on searching the literature and guidelines on clinical treatment of TN, and combining the new progress of international TN treatment. The experts wrote the guideline on PBC for TN treatment, which aims to further standardize PBC for TN treatment, promote the progress of TN treatment, and provide effective and safe support for TN treatment.

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) has high morbidity, mortality and disability rates. Although most patients can be cured clinically, there are still some patients with long-term cognitive dysfunction, which is clinically hidden and difficult to detect. Early assessment of cognitive impairment using neuropsychological scales and neuroelectrophysiological tests is critical. It is currently believed that the pathogenesis and severity of cognitive impairment may be related to early brain injury, cerebral vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia and other factors. Mainly based on prevention, drugs and rehabilitation treatment, and rehabilitation treatment as soon as possible can improve cognitive function. The application of brain network omics in neurosurgery can promote the research and progress of cognitive dysfunction after aSAH. This paper reviews the research progress of cognitive impairment after aSAH.

MicroRNA (miRNA) widely exists in the nervous system, and could regulate pathophysiological processes, such as synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, autophagy, oxidative stress, and toxic protein aggregation, affect learning, memory and other advanced cognitive functions, and participate in the cognition dysfunction-related diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, post-operative cognitive dysfunction. Moreover, the peripheral changes of miRNA expression could be similar as those in the central nervous system, suggesting that peripheral miRNA might be developed as potential clinical biomarkers for cognition dysfunction-related diseases. This paper have summarized the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of miRNA on the cognitive functions and pathological mechanism of cognitive impairment related diseases, and the progress of miRNA used as biomarkers for cognition dysfunction-related diseases.

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is usually characterized by unilateral recurrent electric shock-like pain, and its painful range is strictly limited to the distribution of the branches from trigeminal sensory root, its etiology is neurovascular conflict (NVC) of the trigeminal sensory root, classic trigeminal neuralgia (CTN) is the most common type. The location of NVC can occur in any part of the trigeminal sensory root, and root entry zone (REZ) of the trigeminal sensory root is the most common position of NVC. The types and proportions of offending vessels are different. The angle between the long axis of trigeminal nerve root and the long axis of body, the length of REZ area, the rotation of trigeminal sensory fiber and the different compression position of trigeminal nerve sensory root can affect the painful range of TN. Microvascular decompression (MVD) is the most effective surgical treatment for CTN patients, with high cure rate and few complications, but there are still a certain proportion of ineffective and recurrence after operation. Accurate judgment of NVC position, complete release of offending vessels and adequate decompression are the important guarantee of postoperative relief rate effectively. However, up to 30% of slim compression cannot be found, and multiple vascular compression occasionally occurs. The location of NVC and the proportion of offending vessels are the main factors affecting the painful range of TN. Further studies which are divisions of locations from NVC and influences of types from offending vessels in different positions on the painful range of TN, will provide theoretical basis for improving the success rate while patients with CTN have MVD surgery.

Stroke has become a major nervous system disease that endangers human health. The key to cure is to solve the "bottleneck" problem of immediate diagnosis and treatment within the "1 h golden time" . In 2022, the "European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on mobile stroke units for prehospital stroke management" was published, which is the first mobile stroke unit (MSU) prehospital stroke management guide in the world. Guideline recommendations: For patients with confirmed acute ischemic stroke, using MSU for prehospital management can improve their clinical function, increase the rate of IVT treatment, and shorten the time to start thrombolytic therapy. For patients with intracranial hemorrhage, using MSU for prehospital management can increase the proportion of patients directly assigned to tertiary medical stroke centers without concern about short-term mortality. No relevant safety concerns were identified with MSU management in suspected stroke patients. This article will interpret this guideline to better guide clinical practice.

The typical characteristics of dystonia are slow involuntary movements， abnormal postures， and muscle tone fluctuations， which are common in children with cerebral palsy and have a significant impact on motor function， pain， sleep， and home care. Due to its complex etiology， there is currently no specific treatment method available. Drug and neurosurgical interventions are important treatment methods for improving muscle tone disorders， but their evidence-based basis is limited and lacks clinical application standards. In March 2024， an international expert group consisting of 10 research centers from 6 countries released the “Pharmacological and neurosurgical management of cerebral palsy and dystonia： Clinical practice guideline update”， which updated and supplemented the intervention recommendations published in 2018. It proposed 10 evidence-based recommendations for drug treatment and neurosurgical intervention in patients with cerebral palsy and Muscular Dysfunction to guide clinical application decision-making. This article interprets the key content of this guideline in conjunction with the consensus of Chinese experts in the diagnosis and treatment of muscle tone disorders， in order to provide guidance and reference for the treatment of cerebral palsy and muscle tone disorders in China.