近年来，神经调控技术逐渐从传统康复医学的辅助工具，演变为神经外科治疗逻辑的核心延伸与功能重塑的主动引擎，未来将以多模态融合、闭环调控及个体化精准为核心趋势，推动脑卒中及其他神经系统疾病康复模式的革新。侵入性神经调控技术（如脑深部电刺激、脊髓电刺激、迷走神经电刺激）是神经外科的重要治疗手段，其适应证从传统的帕金森病、癫痫、疼痛等，拓展至脑卒中后功能障碍、脊髓损伤、脑外伤等多种疾病的康复治疗。其中，脑机接口技术与神经调控设备、康复机器人、功能性电刺激等结合，构建"中枢—外周—中枢"闭环训练系统，实现"意念—动作"的直接转换与实时反馈，有望提高患者主动参与程度，并促进神经可塑性相关机制的激活。未来，随着神经调控技术与人工智能、柔性电极等前沿科技的深度融合，神经外科将在个体化、智能化康复中发挥更加关键的作用，推动神经康复迈向精准化与一体化新阶段。本文系统评述神经调控康复一体化的理念演进、技术路径、研究进展与现实挑战，旨在为推动神经外科与康复医学深度融合、优化神经系统疾病功能重建策略提供参考。

Neuromodulation technology has gradually evolved from an auxiliary tool in traditional rehabilitation medicine into a core extension of neurosurgical therapeutic strategies and an active driver of functional remodeling. Multimodal integration, closed-loop modulation, and individualized precision are expected to become the major trends in this field, thereby potentially enhancing active participation in rehabilitation and promoting neuroplasticity-related functional reorganization. As the principal discipline for implementing invasive neuromodulation techniques, such as deep brain stimulation, spinal cord stimulation, and vagus nerve stimulation, neurosurgery has expanded their indications from traditional disorders including Parkinson disease, epilepsy, and pain to the rehabilitation of functional impairments after stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and other neurological diseases. In particular, the integration of brain-computer interface technology with neuromodulation devices, rehabilitation robots, and functional electrical stimulation has enabled the establishment of a "central-peripheral-central" closed-loop training system, realizing the direct translation from intention to movement with real-time feedback and may enhance active participation in rehabilitation and promote neuroplasticity-related mechanisms. With the deep integration of neuromodulation technology and emerging advances such as artificial intelligence and flexible electrodes, neurosurgery will play an increasingly important role in individualized and intelligent rehabilitation, promoting neurorehabilitation toward a new stage of precision and integration. This article systematically reviews the conceptual evolution, technical pathways, research advances, and practical challenges of neuromodulation-rehabilitation integration, aiming to provide references for promoting the deep integration of neurosurgery and rehabilitation medicine and for optimizing functional reconstruction strategies for neurological disorders.