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中华脑科疾病与康复杂志(电子版) ›› 2024, Vol. 14 ›› Issue (05) : 300 -305. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-123X.2024.05.006

综述

创伤性脑损伤后肾功能障碍危险因素的研究进展
司楠1, 孙洪涛2,()   
  1. 1.300309 天津,武警特色医学中心神经外科
    2.300309 天津,武警特色医学中心神经创伤修复研究所
  • 收稿日期:2024-06-21 出版日期:2024-10-15
  • 通信作者: 孙洪涛
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(32070791)

Research progress on risk factors of renal dysfunction after traumatic brain injury

Nan Si1, Hongtao Sun2,()   

  1. 1.Department of Neurosurgery, the Special Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300309, China
    2.Institute of Neurological Injury Repair, the Special Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force,Tianjin 300309,China
  • Received:2024-06-21 Published:2024-10-15
  • Corresponding author: Hongtao Sun
引用本文:

司楠, 孙洪涛. 创伤性脑损伤后肾功能障碍危险因素的研究进展[J/OL]. 中华脑科疾病与康复杂志(电子版), 2024, 14(05): 300-305.

Nan Si, Hongtao Sun. Research progress on risk factors of renal dysfunction after traumatic brain injury[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Brain Diseases and Rehabilitation(Electronic Edition), 2024, 14(05): 300-305.

创伤性脑损伤(TBI)患者中约50%被收入重症监护室,其中约10%可能出现急性肾损伤(AKI)。降低颅内压(ICP)、维持脑灌注压(CPP)是防治TBI 患者出现继发性脑损伤的重要手段,优化TBI治疗中ICP、CPP管理,是临床防控AKI风险切实可行的策略。通过更精准的血流动力学监测、获益更多的血管活性药物等的使用,兼顾维持颅内及肾脏的灌注压有望降低AKI的发生或进展。本文围绕TBI 后AKI 的研究进展展开综述,探讨潜在的TBI 后诱发AKI 的病理生理学机制、AKI 和TBI 进展之间的潜在机制,总结患有AKI 或有AKI 风险的TBl 患者的预防和治疗策略,旨在增强临床医师对AKI的诊断和认识,为AKI的早期诊断、预防和改善患者预后提供参考。

About 50% of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are admitted to the intensive care unit,of which 10% may develop acute kidney injury (AKI).Reducing intracranial pressure (ICP)and maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) are important measures for preventing and treating secondary brain injury in TBI patients. Optimizing the management of ICP and CPP in TBI treatment is a feasible strategy for clinical prevention and control of AKI risk. By more accurate blood flow dynamic monitoring and the use of more beneficial vasoactive drugs, while maintaining intracranial and renal perfusion pressure, it is expected to reduce the occurrence or progression of AKI. This article provides a review of the research progress on AKI after TBI, exploring the potential pathophysiological mechanisms of AKI induction after TBI,the potential mechanisms between AKI and TBI progression,and summarizing the prevention and treatment strategies for TBl patients with AKI or at risk of AKI.The aim is to enhance clinical physicians' diagnosis and understanding of AKI, and provide reference for early diagnosis,prevention,and improvement of patient prognosis.

表1 概述TBI后AKI的相关危险因素及管理
Tab.1 Overview of the risk factors and management of AKI after TBI
文献 研究对象 研究方法 主要发现
Skrifvars等[3] TBI患者 纳入7 个国家中29 所大学附属教学医院收治的568例TBI患者进行回顾性分析 早期使用甘露醇,而不是高渗盐水,与AKI的增加独立相关。研究结果提示需要进一步评估渗透疗法在TBI患者中的使用和选择
Lee等[7] TBI患者 随机临床试验研究促红细胞生成素和输血阈值对TBI后神经恢复的影响,纳入临床信息、人口学、实验室和影像学参数用于多变量Cox回归分析,以确定TBI后MODS的独立危险因素 IL-6、IL-8和IL-10浓度的初始血浆浓度与TBI后发生MODS显著相关
Civiletti等[9] TBI患者 纳入23例TBI患者进行前瞻性观察临床研究,探究TBI急性肾小管损伤患者血浆对肾小管上皮细胞功能的影响 TBI患者血清中IL-6水平与NGAL显著相关,且TBI患者血浆中的NGAL诱导小管上皮细胞的促炎表型、细胞功能障碍和凋亡,被认为是肾细胞损伤的生物标志物
Barea-Mendoza等[10] TBI患者 通过观察性、前瞻性和多中心临床研究分析AKI对孤立性TBI患者死亡率的影响及其相关危险因素 3.8%的TBI患者存在横纹肌溶解,与AKI的发生独立相关,且与死亡率增加有关
Rizoli等[13] TBI患者 于3个一级创伤中心前瞻性地招募了174例孤立性TBI患者,采用分数多项式图和逻辑回归模型(固定效应和随机效应)研究儿茶酚胺水平与预后之间的关系 入院时循环儿茶酚胺水平升高,特别是肾上腺素水平升高,与孤立性中-重度TBI后的功能结局和死亡率独立相关
De Vlieger等[14] TBI患者 综述了ICU收治的有AKI风险或已经发生AKI的TBI患者的AKI流行病学和病理生理学 TBI后大量产生的ROS可破坏核酸,损伤细胞、诱发细胞凋亡、细胞内钙离子超载,进一步损伤肾组织
Wang等[16] TBI患者 纳入5年间在四川大学华西医院确诊为TBI并住院的患者,根据AKI的发生情况将患者分为2组,探讨cystatin C作为肾功能指标对TBI发生AKI的预测价值 较高的cystatin C与TBI患者AKI的发展有关,含cystatin C的预测图有助于医生评估AKI的可能性,从而调整治疗策略以避免AKI的发生
Chesnut等[20] TBI患者 纳入65个ICU数据进行随机临床试验,评估老年危重患者通过允许性低血压(即降低平均动脉压目标60~65 mmHg)减少血管加压素使用的临床效果和成本效益 年龄≥65岁的危重患者接受血管加压药物治疗血管扩张性低血压,与常规治疗相比,允许性低血压并没有显著降低90 d死亡率;TBI发生后应用高渗液治疗可以增加血浆渗透压,从而减轻脑水肿并降低AKI的发生几率
Bajamal等[26] TBI患者 比较乳酸钠与甘露醇治疗重型TBI脑水肿的效果 0.5 mol乳酸钠在脑损伤早期降低颅内压的效果与甘露醇相同,在较长时间内优于甘露醇,能预防颅内高压,使脑组织灌注更好,血流动力学更稳定
Arabi等[27] 临床证据 欧洲重症医学会成人危重患者液体疗法临床实践指南——复苏液体的选择 建议TBI患者有条件推荐使用等渗生理盐水而不是白蛋白(证据的确定性非常低);建议在一般危重患者(证据确定性低)和肾损伤患者(证据确定性极低)中使用平衡晶体而不是等渗盐水;建议TBI患者有条件推荐使用等渗盐水而不是平衡晶体(证据的确定性非常低)
Toro等[32] TBI患者 纳入18个中心收治的156例TBI患者进行前瞻性队列研究,探讨TBI后血压支持的初始血管加压药物选择及其与损伤后临床和功能结局的关系 大多数中-重度TBI患者在脑损伤后接受苯肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素作为维持血压的一线药物。与苯肾上腺素相比,初始选择去甲肾上腺素与改善临床或功能结果无关
Gordon等[33] 肾损伤患者 多中心双盲随机对照试验的回顾分析比较加压素与去甲肾上腺素输注对感染性休克肾损伤预后的影响 抗利尿激素可减少败血症合并肾损伤患者进展为肾功能衰竭的风险和死亡率
Gunst等[36] ICU患者 纳入4640例成年ICU患者进行多中心随机对照试验,分析早期和晚期肠外营养是否影响AKI的发生率和恢复 早期肠外营养可能不会影响AKI的发病率,尽管可能会延迟Ⅱ期AKI患者的恢复。额外氨基酸的大量分解代谢导致血浆尿素水平升高,这可能解释了早期肠外营养观察到的肾脏替代治疗持续时间延长的原因
Davenport[39] 急性脑损伤患者 急性脑损伤患者的肾脏替代治疗研究 透析前患者维持在30~35 mg/dL并优化肾脏替代治疗可降低治疗期间ICP升高的风险
An等[40] AKI患者 收集患者的临床资料、实验室检查结果和医生的处方进行回顾性研究,应用逻辑回归模型寻找AKI发生的独立危险因素,制定基于NICU概况的急性肾损伤预测图 提出了基于LASSO、Logistic回归和临床危险因素的AKI预测图,临床应用心电图可以及时发现AKI,从而改善患者的预后
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