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中华脑科疾病与康复杂志(电子版) ›› 2025, Vol. 15 ›› Issue (02) : 85 -95. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-123X.2025.02.004

功能神经外科

周围神经电刺激在周围神经病理性疼痛治疗中的应用
刘佳鑫1, 杨文强2, 王琦2, 于炎冰2, 张黎2,()   
  1. 1. 100029 北京,中日友好临床医学研究所
    2. 100029 北京,中日友好医院神经外科
  • 收稿日期:2025-02-26 出版日期:2025-04-15
  • 通信作者: 张黎
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2402500)中央高水平医院临床科研业务费资助(2022-NHLHCRF-YS-05)北京市自然科学基金-昌平创新联合基金项目(L244029)

Specific application of peripheral nerve stimulation in the clinical treatment of pripheral neuropathic pain

Jiaxin Liu1, Wenqiang Yang2, Qi Wang2, Yanbing Yu2, Li Zhang2,()   

  1. 1. China-Japan Friendship Institute of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
    2. Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital,Beijing 100029, China
  • Received:2025-02-26 Published:2025-04-15
  • Corresponding author: Li Zhang
引用本文:

刘佳鑫, 杨文强, 王琦, 于炎冰, 张黎. 周围神经电刺激在周围神经病理性疼痛治疗中的应用[J/OL]. 中华脑科疾病与康复杂志(电子版), 2025, 15(02): 85-95.

Jiaxin Liu, Wenqiang Yang, Qi Wang, Yanbing Yu, Li Zhang. Specific application of peripheral nerve stimulation in the clinical treatment of pripheral neuropathic pain[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Brain Diseases and Rehabilitation(Electronic Edition), 2025, 15(02): 85-95.

周围神经病理性疼痛(PNP)是一种常见且复杂的神经系统疾病,其症状多样、复杂,严重影响患者的生活质量。近年来,周围神经电刺激(PNS)作为一种微创、安全且有效的神经调控治疗方法,在多种PNP的治疗中得到了广泛应用,例如带状疱疹后疼痛、三叉神经痛、糖尿病性周围神经病变和偏头痛等。尤其对于传统药物或手术难以缓解的顽固性PNP,PNS具有显著的治疗效果和独特的优势。本文主要围绕PNS在PNP治疗中的具体应用进行综述,以期为该技术的进一步推广应用提供参考。

Peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP) is a common and complex neurological disorder with diverse symptoms that significantly impact patients' quality of life. In recent years, peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS), as a minimally invasive, safe, and effective neuromodulation therapy, has been widely used in the treatment of various types of PNP, such as post-herpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia,diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and migraine. Especially for refractory PNP that is difficult to alleviate with traditional medications or surgery, PNS has demonstrated remarkable therapeutic effects and unique advantages. This article mainly focuses on the specific application of PNS in the treatment of PNP, aiming to provide references for the further promotion and clinical application of this technology, and promote its broader attention and application in the field of PNP treatment.

表1 周围神经电刺激治疗带状疱疹后神经痛
Tab.1 Peripheral nerve stimulation for postherpetic neuralgia
文献 例数 年龄(岁) 刺激部位 手术方式 随访时间 刺激参数 疗效 不良反应
Liu等[22],2024 50 PNS组:72.64±8.34 SNB组:71.76±9.48 眶上神经 X线下经皮穿刺电极植入 4周 脉宽200-500 μs,频率40 Hz,电流2-10 mA SNS组:72%患者疼痛缓解率≥50%,68%患者VAS疼痛评分<3分,与SNB组相比,SNS组睡眠质量更好,眼神疼痛更低,进一步治疗的比例更低,镇痛药物摄入量更低 未发生严重并发症
Kalavva等[23],2024 1 男:65 左侧正中神经、左侧桡浅神经 超声下经皮穿刺电极植入 62 d 正中神经30 Hz 左侧桡浅神经50 Hz VAS疼痛评分由9分降至4分 -
Xu等[24],2024 1 女:72 右侧三叉神经 DSA下经皮穿刺电极植入 3年 脉宽200 μs,频率40 Hz,电流250-350 μA NRS疼痛评分由8分降至1分 -
Xu等[25],2023 6 68.5±6.1 三叉神经V2、V3支 DSA下经皮电极植入 24周 - 5例患者缓解83.3%,1例患者缓解低于50% 1例患者恶心呕吐,2例患者皮肤感染
Johnson等[26],2023 1 男:80 右侧枕小神经、右侧耳大神经 超声下经皮穿刺电极植入 65 d 脉宽10-200 μs,频率12 Hz,电流0-30 mA NRS疼痛评分由6-10分降至0 疼痛缓解90% -
Huang等[27],2022 160 SNRS组:68.8±1.2 SCS组:69.0±0.8 SNRS组:同侧脊神经根 SCS组:脊髓表面 全身麻醉下开放式手术 3个月 脉宽120-380 μs,频率40-80 Hz,电压0.5-3 V 接受SNRS的患者术后和随访期间疼痛程度、睡眠质量和整体生活质量都有显著改善,治疗效果与SCS组相当 SNRS组:5例患者电极迁移,4例患者感染 SCS组:11例患者电极迁移9例患者感染
Rayhal等[28],2021 1 男:61 左侧S1神经 SNRS 2个月 脉宽300 ms,频率20 Hz,电流900 mA 疼痛持续缓解并恢复日常活动 -
Hong等[29],2021 1 男:54 左侧T1-T3神经 SCS+SNRS 1周 脉宽500 ms,频率40 Hz,电流2.2 mA 患者疼痛缓解>50% -
Liu等[30],2021 26 69.45±11.40 眶上神经、上颌神经、下颌神经 PNFS 6个月 脉宽390-480 μs,频率40 Hz,电流NA PNS后3 d及1、3和6个月的随访中VAS疼痛评分显著降低(P<0.001),PNS治疗后有61.5%(16例)患者睡眠质量显著改善,23%(6例)患者可以在药物治疗下入睡 -
Wan等[31],2021 68 73.26±9.26 眶上神经 CT下经皮穿刺电极植入 180 d 脉宽240-500 μs,频率40 Hz,电流4-10 mA 64例患者NRS疼痛评分≤2分 -
Barone等[32],2021 1 女:67 左侧三叉神经 TENS 6周 脉宽125 μs;频率前20min:2-10 Hz频率后20min:50~ 100 Hz;电流:随着频率变化而变化 不仅疼痛完全缓解(无痛),心理健康问题也得到改善 -
Zhao和Song[33],2021 2 女:83;男:68 女:C1-C2颈神经、右侧眶下神经;男:左侧眶上神经、左侧滑车上神经、左侧上颌神经 女:SCS+CT下经皮穿刺电极植入 男:CT下经皮穿刺电极植入 3个月 女:脉宽450 μs,频率40 Hz,电流3 mA 男:脉宽300 μs,频率50 Hz,电流2 mA 女:疼痛缓解率超过90% 男:NRS由5-7分降至0-1分,疼痛缓解95%-100% -
Han等[34],2020 18 70.8±9.5 眼神经 CT下经皮穿刺电极植入 6个月 脉宽450-500 μs,频率40 Hz,电流0.5-3.0 mA 短期:15例患者疼痛缓解>50%;长期:VAS疼痛评分平均下降5.1 -
表2 周围神经电刺激治疗非带状疱疹病因三叉神经痛
Tab.2 Peripheral nerve stimulation for trigeminal neuralgia of non-herpes zoster causes
文献 例数 年龄(岁) 病因 刺激部位 手术方式 刺激参数 随访时间 疗效 不良反应
Exobarr-Vidarte等[38],2024 6 平均53 1例放疗,4例MVD术后复发,1例Gasserian神经节射频消融术后复发 Gasserian神经节 透视下经颅圆孔穿刺电极植入 脉宽300-770 μs,频率40-100 Hz,电流0.8-3.7 mA 平均14个月 患者疼痛平均减轻62%(50%-72%),患者的生活质量、机体功能和情绪状态都有显著改善 2例电极迁移
Li等[39],2023 1 男:57 创伤性 三叉神经分支 PNFS 脉宽200 ms,频率240 Hz,电流1.5 mA 18个月 术后立即缓解疼痛和肌张力障碍,18个月内效果令人满意
Mansano等[40],2023 1 女:65 经历4次MVD术和3次Gasserian神经节射频消融术后复发 Gasserian神经节 透视下经颅圆孔穿刺电极植入 脉宽300 ms,频率20 Hz,电流0.025 mA 5 d 疼痛完全缓解
Hajialbadi等[41],2021 3 60±16.8 特发性 三叉神经V1、V2 经皮穿刺无线电刺激 NA (44±31.24)d 疼痛缓解率达到80%±17%,减少或停止止痛药物的使用
Logue等[42],2021 2 女:53;男:64 女:右内耳神经鞘瘤接受伽玛刀术后继发性;男:MVD术后复发 Gasserian神经节 透视下经颅圆孔穿刺电极植入 女:脉宽450 μs,频率50 Hz,电流动态调节男:NA 女:10 d;男:1.5年 女:疼痛完全缓解,不需要服用任何药物;男:VAS评分由7.5分降至2分
Bina等[43],2020 19 平均54(24-82) 特发性、多发硬化引起继发性 三叉神经分支 PNFS 脉宽150-450 μs,频率40-70 Hz,电流0.1-3 mA 平均14个月 19例患者中15例接受了永久性电极植入,最长12例患者可用于评估长期镇痛效果,6个月时中位疼痛减轻60.5%,平均疼痛减轻59.7%(17%-95%),其中7例患者报告疼痛减轻超过50%,在最后一次随访时,中位疼痛减轻为47.5%,平均减轻52.3%,其中6例患者(50%)报告疼痛减轻大于50% 感染和翻修
Tsakalidis等[44],2020 59 60±13.1 特发性、外伤性、感染性、肿瘤性、其他 三叉神经V1、V2、V3,眶上神经 导航下经颅圆孔穿刺电极植入 NA 平均19.5个月 71.2%的患者疼痛缓解率>50% 电极腐蚀、电极迁移、皮肤感染
Klein等[45],2020 8 46.5-73.5 多发硬化引起继发性 三叉神经分支 PNFS 脉宽450 μs,频率20-40 Hz,电流动态调节 48个月 4例患者获得了长期益处,3例患者在最初成功后治疗最终失败,1例患者感染需要移除电极随后再植入 1例患者感染
表3 周围神经电刺激治疗神经性癌痛
Tab.3 Peripheral nerve stimulation for neuropathic cancer pain
文献 例数 年龄(岁) 病因 刺激部位/神经 手术方式 刺激参数 随访时间 疗效 不良反应
Sheen等[51],2024 2 女:16 男:17 肱骨恶性肿瘤侵袭性疼痛 肩胛上神经 超声下经皮穿刺电极植入 NA 150 d 疼痛缓解约60%
Chency等[52],2024 2 女:67 男:67 患者1:多发性骨髓瘤侵袭性疼痛;患者2:肾细胞癌伴肝癌骨转移疼痛 肩胛上神经 超声下经皮穿刺电极植入 脉宽10 - 200 μs,频率100 Hz,电流0.2 - 30 mA 患者1:30 d;患者2:98 d 患者疼痛缓解均超过50%
Tian等[53],2024 80 实验组:59.3±10.4 对照组:62.8±10.6 胰腺癌侵袭性疼痛 夹脊穴、内关、足三里 TENS 脉宽NA;频率:10 min 100 Hz,20 min 2 Hz;电流1 mA至最大忍受值 4 d 实验组在D1、D2、D3和D4的疼痛严重程度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)
Mach等[54],2023 4 男:42、65、79 女:71 骨髓癌性脊髓病变的线性腰痛 相应脊髓节段 透视下经皮穿刺电极植入 脉宽10 - 200 μs,频率12 Hz,斜行波,电流0.1 - 30 mA 60 d 3例患者手术当天疼痛缓解>20%,1周后所有患者的总体疼痛都减轻了至少40%,第60天所有患者疼痛缓解>60%,PNS可以作为放射治疗的过渡疗法
Lyu等[55],2023 159 TENS组:60.8±9.9 假刺激组:58.7±10.6 各种肿瘤性因素侵袭产生疼痛 上肢:合谷、内关;下肢:足三里、三阴交 TENS 脉宽0.6/0.2 ms,频率2/100 Hz,电流5 - 12 mA 5周 TENS刺激3周后患者疼痛程度减轻(P<0.001),去电极后患者疼痛增加,2组疼痛状态没有差异 6例皮肤蜇伤
Ao等[56],2021 65 实验组:45.6±9.8 对照组:46.9±8.6 乳腺癌根治术后疼痛 合谷、内关、足三里 TENS 脉宽NA;频率2/100 Hz;电流:上肢5 - 10 mA、下肢10 - 30 mA 48 h TENS术后12 h和24 h镇痛效果明显高于假手术组,TENS组术后48 h内可以降低术后阿片类药物使用量
He等[57],2021 171 TENS组:58.9±9.9 药物治疗组:51.2±10 胰腺癌侵袭性疼痛 肝俞穴、胆俞穴、脾俞穴、胃俞穴、中脘穴 TENS 脉宽NA,频率2/100 Hz,30 min,电流NA 4周 TENS组的疼痛在治疗后立即显著降低77.9%,且持续到治疗周期后的3周,没有增加镇痛药的消耗量;TENS组33例便秘患者便秘情况有不同程度的改善,46例食欲不振患者中42例在治疗期间和治疗后食欲好转
Mainkar等[58],2020 12 - 各种肿瘤性因素侵袭产生疼痛 相关:脊髓神经根,周围神经 SNRS超声下经皮穿刺电极植入 脉宽2 - 100 μs,频率100 Hz,电流0.2 - 20 mA 60 d 7例患者显著缓解,5例患者没有充分缓解 1例电极断裂 1例植入后不适
Maurerchath等[59],2022 1 男:83 肺癌侵袭臂丛神经 左臂丛神经 CT下经皮穿刺电极植入 NA 2 - 3个月 手术当天疼痛完全缓解,之后疼痛也显著缓解并停用止痛药物直至死亡
Mainkar等[60],2021 4 - 肿瘤性,其中3例乳腺癌术后疼痛,1例癌症骨转移性疼痛 C8、T2、T4、TS神经 超声下经皮穿刺电极植入 NA 6周 电极刚植入时镇痛效果好,后出现不良反应 1例皮疹1例感觉异常 1例镇痛效果消失
Tai等[61],2020 127 - 恶性肿瘤骨转移疼痛 上肢:合谷、内关、外关;脊柱:夹脊穴;下肢:足三里、三阴交 TENS 脉宽NA;频率2/100 Hz;电流:上肢10 - 15 mA、下肢15 - 30 mA、夹脊穴25 - 40 mA 5 d TENS和药物治疗可有效缓解患者的轻中度疼痛,中重度和重度疼痛2种治疗相结合,TEAS可以改善患者的焦虑和免疫功能,并防止单独药物治疗患者B细胞和CD8的减少
表4 周围神经电刺激治疗化疗诱导的周围神经病变疼痛
Tab.4 Peripheral nerve stimulation for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy pain
文献 例数 年龄(岁) 病因 刺激部位 手术方式 刺激参数 随访时间 疗效 不良反应
Xu等[63],2025 102 实验组:68.13±5.90;对照组:67.06±6.00 化疗引起的周围神经病变 双侧合谷穴、外关穴、曲池穴、八邪穴 经皮穴位电刺激 频率2 Hz/10 Hz交替,每次30 min 3周 电刺激组疼痛的有效缓解率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)
姚瑶等[64],2024 28 - 化疗引起的周围神经病变 印堂穴、八邪穴、外关穴、合谷穴、曲池穴、三里、阴陵泉、三阴交、太溪穴、八风穴 电针刺激 频率2 Hz/10 Hz交替,每次30 min 24周 在第24周时,电刺激组的CIPN发生率(17.4%)和严重CIPN发生率(0%)均显著低于对照组(72.0%、28.0%)(P<0.05)
卢超等[65],2024 152 - 化疗引起的周围神经病变 双侧曲池穴、外关穴、合谷穴、足三里和阳陵泉 电针刺激 组1频率2 Hz,组2频率100 Hz,组3频率2 Hz/100 Hz;每次持续30 min,隔天1次,每周3次 4周 3个电刺激组治疗后疼痛降低程度高于药物治疗组(P<0.05)。电刺激组1、2、3和药物治疗组的总有效率分别为79.5%、68.4%、81.1%和47.4%
Sassmann等[66],2024 67 TENS组:平均69(24 - 81);高音外部肌肉刺激组:平均63(36 - 89);对照组:平均63(47 - 79) 化疗引起的周围神经病变 病变神经附近皮肤表面 TENS 频率80 Hz,电流:不会引起任何疼痛或不适的最大强度 8周 2个刺激组的感觉和运动量表评分、CIPN评分都有所改善,对照组没有显著变化
Yang等[67],2024 27 实验组:61.2±13.16;对照组:57.78±15.55 化疗引起的耳神经病变 耳部迷走神经 经皮耳迷走神经电刺激 脉宽200 μs±30%,频率20 Hz,电流4 - 6 mA 30 d 电刺激可短期内缓解化疗引起的神经性疼痛,改善睡眠状态和生活质量
Elshinnawy等[68],2024 30 冷敷组:50.93±4.16;TENS组:52.67±5.53 化疗引起的神经病变 背内侧髁的下缘皮肤内上方3英寸皮肤 TENS 脉宽250 μs,频率15 Hz,电流60 mA,每周3次,每次30 min 12周 冷敷组治疗后疼痛强度显著降低70.83%,而电刺激组降低55.17%
Ege等[69],2023 9 平均69(50 - 82) 化疗引起的神经病变 L4到S1的两个水平的背根神经节 DRGS NA 12个月 所有患者在DRGS治疗后NRS评分平均减少2.3分(P=0.014),其中8例患者接受了永久性DRGS植入 2例并发症,其中1例背侧铅迁移,1例围术期铅穿透鞘囊
Tomannovic Vujadinovic等[70],2022 40 47 - 83 顺铂诱导神经病变 疼痛区域 TENS 脉宽200 μs,频率80 Hz,电流60 mA 4周 TENS可以减轻患者疼痛,提高生活质量
Graban和Kim[71],2021 1 女:50 化疗引起神经病变 双侧L4背根神经节 DRGS NA 3年 为期7 d的背根神经节刺激试验使疼痛缓解100%,永久植入背根神经节刺激3年后,症状持续消退
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